Word Study Part 4

Word Study Part 4

Analytical study on root √kvath

The root is √kath + (i) ta, it means nippāke (cooking). Its Sanskrit root is√kvath. The main meaning is to boil, to cook, to seethe. 

The root √kath has three meanings – 1. cooking (nippāka), 2. hurting (hiṃsa), 3. talking (kathana). Only the first meaning-cooking is linked with the Sanskrit √kvath.

Its verbs for root √kvath  : kaṭhati kuthati. Dental ‘t’ can become lingual ‘t’. So it is possible to have kaṭhati, kuṭhati.

1.Ayaṃ tapodā kuthitā sandati[i]. (This hot water flows boilingly)

2.Yathā, mahārāja, puriso divasasantatte ayoguḷe jalite tatte kaṭhite āditopi majjhatopi pariyosānatopi[ii] (Just like a man, a iron ball that was heated for whole day, shined, heated, boiled, from beginning, from middle etc).

3.Tena matthaluṅgaṃ pakkuṭṭhitvā upari uttarati.[iii] (having cooked the brain, it floats up).

4. Udapatto na agginā santatto na pakkuthito na usmudakajāto (water pot was not heated and boiled by water, not become hot water.

 5. ..manamhi upakūḷitoti [upakūlitoti (sī.), upakuṭṭhitoti (syā.), upakuṭito (ka.)] [iv].
     Manamhi upakūḷitoti thokenamhi jhāmo, aḍḍhajjhāmakova muttoti attho.
     burning only half upper body.

Below are the word formations for it.

i. kvath + ita > kuthita (va > u).
      u
ii. kvath + ita > kaṭhita (kv > kk> k, t > ṭh).  
    ‘Kv’ becomes ‘kk’ and the first ‘k’ is dropped, ‘t’ becomes ‘ṭ’.

iii. kvath + ita > kuṭṭhita.         (va > u, th > tth > ṭṭh)
         u
   Here, ‘va’ becomes ‘u’, ‘th’ becomes ‘tth’ and then ‘ṭṭh’

iv. pa + √kvath + ta > pakkathita> pakkuthita
                 kk
Due to influence of first syllable ‘pa’- labial sound, ‘ka becomes ‘ku’
or, kathita becomes kuthita due to false analogy.

6. ud + √kvath + ita > ukkaṭhita   (ud > kk, t > ṭ)

7. upa + kva th + ita > upakūḷita
                 ū    th >dh > d > l

The verb is kuthati, kaṭhati. It is possible to have dental ‘t’ to be lingual ‘ṭ’,  ‘t’ becomes ‘d’ or ‘l,ḷ’. ‘th’ becomes ‘tth’. Thus, few versions are possible as according to different countries.
1. kaṭhita (1)                                              (t>ṭ)
2. kuthita (64)                                            (va > u)
3. kuṭṭhita (1)                                             (t >ṭ, ṭh > ṭṭh) – become double consonant
4. pakkuthita (44)
5. pakkuṭṭhita (2)                                      (th > ṭh > ṭṭh)
6. pakkudhita (2)                                       (th >dh)
7. ukkaṭṭhita (3), ukkuṭṭhita (3)                         
8. upakuṭṭhita (1)
9. upakuṭita (1)                                        – (loss of ‘h’ /aspiration)
10. upakūḷita (3), upakūlita (6)                   – (t > l , ḷ, va> u> ū).-long vowel,single consonant

Conclusion : This word is interesting as it has various readings, and also the root √kvath has few different meanings. kuthita is most frequent readings.  Pakkuthita should be the false analogy of ‘kuthita’, because the correct form is pakkathita (kv>kk). Others readings with ‘d, ṭ, ḷ, l’ are just variance from kuthita.

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[i] Pārājikapāḷi, 14.

[ii] Milindapañhapāḷi, 31

[iii] Mahāniddesa-aṭṭhakathā, 24

[iv] Jātakapāḷi-II,23

[Part 5>]