Pāḷi Roots - Part 3

Vikaraṇa paccaya (conjugation sign)
        The vikaraṇa paccaya (conjugation sign) like ‘a’, ‘i’, ‘ī’ is to divide the roots distinctly.(vikarīyanti dhātuvo etehīti vikaraṇa)
These vikaraṇa paccaya are: a, i, ī, e, o, ya, ṇu, ṇā, uṇā, nā, ppa, ṇhā, yira, ṇe, ṇaya. With aggahitaggahiṇa method, there are 15 types. These two “a” and “o” can be added more to there.
The vikaraṇa paccayas in general are:
1. The ‘a’ suffix in the bhūvādi group
2.  The ‘a’, ‘i’, ‘ī’, ‘e’, ‘o’ suffixes together with the niggahīta in front as in the rudhādi group.
3. The ‘ya’ suffix in divādi group.
4. The ‘ṇu’, ‘ṇā’, ‘uṇā’ suffixes that with svādi group.
5. The ‘nā’ suffixes with kiyādi gaṇa
6. The ‘ppa’, ‘ṇhā’ suffixes with the gahādi group.
7. The ‘o’, ‘yira’ suffixes with the tanādi group.
8. The ‘ṇe’, ‘ṇaya’ suffixes with the curādi group.

The characteristic of root group (Dhātugaṇa lakkhaṇa)

1. Bhūvādi
        Example of suddhakattu (only one doer), with sabbadhātu vibhatti  - (hiyyattanī, sattamī, pañcaṃi, vattamāna verbs). Only “a” suffix as the ending letter after in suddhassara dhātu, ekassara dhātu and anekassara dhātu is called the sāmañña lakkhaṇa of bhūvādi gaṇa. (sabbadhātukamhi yevā ya missate)
        Following the words of the teacher of Rūpasiddhi, only “a” paccaya is noted. That’s why, some conjugation signs (vikaraṇa paccaya) is able to exist when they are followed by asabbadhātuka vibhatti (parokkha, ajjataṇi, bhavissanti, kālātipatti).
The vikaraṇa suffix like ‘a’, ‘ya’, ‘ṇhā’ are added when are followed by bhavissanti vibhatti. Example is rundhissati, bhujjissati. (√rudh + a + issati , √bhuj + ya + issati)
    After ikāranta-dhātu and anekassara dhātu, niggahīta always comes with “a” suffix when followed by verbal termination. The insertion of niggahīta is called the special characteristic (vivesalakkhaṇa) of bhūvādi gaṇa.
Note: vikaraṇā tu sabbepi, katvatthe sabbadhātuke
          asabbadhātukepyesu, kiñci icchanti paccayaṃ (Kaccāyanasāra, 19, 20)
2. Rūdhādi

        The insertion of niggahita together with “a” suffix after the root when followed by verbal termination. This is the samañña-lakkhaṇa (common characteristic) of the rudhādi gaṇa.
(√rudh + ṃ + a + ti > rundhati)

1.) For verbal termination, after the root, there is insertion of niggahīta together with “a” conjugation sign.
 (√rudh + ṃ + a+ ti . rundhati)
2.) For noun formation, sometimes there is insertion of only niggahīta.      (√rudh + ṃ + na > rundhana)
These are called visesa-lakkhaṇa (special characteristic) for the rudhādi gaṇa.
A root in this rudhādi group, when having these three characteristics.
1. Without conjunct consonant at the ending part,
2. Anekassara dhātu that has many vowels,
3. Final letter as vowel.
This suddhakattu (pure agent) has always the insertion of niggahita, like muñcati, bhindati, kantati and so on.
  √muca + ṃ + a + ti , √bhida + ṃ + a + ti  , √kati + ṃ + a + ti
For verb hetu kattu (causative doer), sometimes niggahīta is inserted. For example: muñcāpeti, moceti, chindāpeti, chedeti.
√muc + ṃ + āpe + ti > muñcāpeti
√muc + e + ti > moceti
√chid + ṃ + āpe + ti > chindāpeti
√chid + e + ti > chedeti
Apart from that, for suddhakattu nāma (noun of pure doer), hetu kattu nāma (causative doer), sometimes niggahīta is inserted. For example, bhindanaṃ, bhedo, muñcanaṃ, mocanaṃ, chindāpanaṃ, bhedāpanaṃ, muñcāpanaṃ, mocāpanaṃ.
√bhid + ṃ + ana > bhindana,  √muc +ṃ + ana> muñcana

3. Divādi
The ‘ya’ suffix after the ‘ca’ vagga etc. is called divādi group.
√divu + ya > dibbati  (vy>vv>bb)
4. Svādi
The agent, after the root, ‘ṇu’, “ṇā”, “uṇā” suffix are added accordingly. This is called svādi group.
After anekassara root, “uṇā” suffix is inserted. After the ekassara dhātu, “ṇu” and “ṇā” are inserted.
For example: sakkuṇāti, pāpuṇāti, khīṇoti, khīṇāti
√saka + uṇā +ti > sakkuṇāti    √khī + ṇu + ti > khīṇoti
5. Kiyādi
The ‘nā’ suffix after the roots is called the kiyādigaṇa lakkhaṇa, the characteristic of kiyādi group.      √kī + nā > kiṇati
6.Tanādi
The ‘o’, ‘yira’ suffixes that are used after the root accordingly is called the characteristic of the tanādi group. (tanādi gaṇa lakkhaṇa).
√tan + o + ti > tanoti (to spread)
7.Curādi
At the verb formation, the ‘ṇe’ and ‘ṇaya’ suffixes are added after the roots and with all kinds are called the general characteristic (sāmaññā lakkhaṇa) of the curādi group.
√cur + ṇe + ti > coreti       √cur + ṇaya + ti > corayati
           1.) At verb formation, at the root with many vowels and ending with ‘i’ (anekassara ikāranta dhātu), ‘ṇe’ and ‘ṇaya’ suffix together with niggahita are added.
2.) At noun formation, only niggahita is inserted. These are special characteristic of the curādi group (visesalakkhaṇa of curādi gaṇa).

8. Gahādi
In the active sense, the ‘ppa’ and ‘ṇhā’ suffixes are used in a few verbs and many nouns. This is characteristic of the ‘gahādi group’.
There is a question here: Is it suitable to make gahādi as separate group? The ‘ppa’ and ‘ṇḥā ‘suffix is only inserted after the gaha root, not after other roots. That’s why, there should not be separate or distinct gaha group because only one gaha root in it. Regarding this, some teachers feel that the gaha root should be put inside the kiyādi group, and gahādi group should not be distinct group.
However, the Kaccāyana teacher laid down this grammar rule ‘gahādito ppaṇha’, By discarding the  ‘ādi’ word from that grammar rule, then it is suitable to claim that gaha group exist. That’s why, the view of other teachers that there is no distinct separate group of gaha group should not be accepted.
If one can link that grammar rule with kiyādi group, one can get ‘kiyādito nā ppaṇhā’. However, it is not possible. That’s why, it should be noted that the gahādi group is distinct from the kiyādi group. In accordance to ‘ādi’ word from the grammar rule ‘Gahādito ppaṇha’, one should consider the roots beginning with √usa, √ku,√juta, √ju, √si, √tasa,√tija,√sā,√si,√so  and so on as belong to gaha group.
       The ‘ppa’ suffix after the gaha root is believed to be only used in verb formation.  After the √usa root, ṇhā suffix is believed to be used as verb  or a noun.
√gah + ppa > ghe + ppa >gheppati ,          uṇḥāpeti  uṇḥo

      After other roots except √usa root and √gaha, ‘ppa’ and ‘ṇhā’ suffixes are considered as suitable as used in noun formation. That’s why, Nītisutti says “gahāditoyatthārahaṃ ākhyātatthe nāmatthe ca ppa ṇhā”.
The ‘ppa’ and ‘ṇhā’ suffixes are inserted accordingly after the root to be noun.
Usati dahatīti-uṇhaṃ (heat),
kucchitabbo ninditabboti – kaṇho = kālavaṇṇo (black color),
jotati dippatīti juṇha, josetīti  -juṇho (moonlight)
tassatīti=taṇha (craving)
titikkhatīti –tiṇḥo (sharp)
siyati tanukarīyatīti saṇhā (smooth, delicate)
siyati antaṃ karotīti – saṇhaṃ. (smooth, soft, delicate)
seviyatīti –sippaṃ (art,craft)

At other dhātus group, sentence definitions are formed with their own suffixes (conjugation sign/vikaraṇa). At this dhātu group,  sentence definitions are formed with other vikaraṇa suffix. This is also a special point.
To delete vikaraṇa or not
1. The roots like gamu, rudha, divu are called the roots that have the non-elision of vikaraṇa paccaya. For example: gacchati, rundhati, dibbati, devayati.
√gamu + a + ti > gacchati      √rudha + ṃ +a+ ti > rundhati  
√divu + ya + ti > dibbati
2. The roots like pā, bhā etc. are called the roots that has the elision of vikaraṇa paccaya. For example: pāti, pivati, bhāti
√pā + ti > pāti  √pā > piv + a + ti > pivati     √bhā + ti > bhāti
3. The roots like ji, nī etc. are called the roots that has elision and non-elision of vikaraṇa paccaya
Elision : jeti, neti.    (√ji + a + ti > ji + ti)  (√nī + a + ti > nī + ti > neti)
Non-elision: jināti, jiyati,nayati
√ji + nā + ti > jināti    √ji+ ya + ti > jiyati      √nī + a + ti > nayati
The vikaraṇa paccaya in jiyati, nayati, vatticchā, should be elided according to the vatticchā (the wish of speaker).
Four types of places (ṭhāna)
1. The roots like √gamu are included in one group, so it is called ekagaṇaka dhātu.     √gam + a + ti > gacchati
2. The roots like √budh are included in two groups, so it is called dvigaṇaka dhātu.
Group 1: √budh > bodh+ a + ti > bodhati (to know)
Group 3: √budh + ya + ti = bujjhati (to know)
3. The roots like √chida are included in three groups, so it is called tigaṇaka dhātu.
Group 2: √chi (ṃ > n) d+ a + ti > chindati (to cut)
Group 3: √chid + ya + ti > chijjati (to cut)
Group 7: √chid + e/aya + ti > chedeti/chedayati
4. The roots like √vida are included in four groups, so it is called catugaṇaka dhātu.   √vida means to know, to obtain, to feel, to exist
Group 1: √vid + a + ti > vidati (to know)
Group 2:√vid + ṃ + a +ti >  vindati (to obtain)
Group 3:√vid + ya + ti > vijjati (to exist)
Group 7:√vid + e/aya + ti > vedeti/vedayati (to feel)

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