False analogy
Analogy means comparison between one thing and another made for the purpose of explanation. Here, the analogy is drawn between Pāḷi and Sanskrit.
Some changes cannot follow the normal grammar rules but follow the way of pronunciation.
1. Sakkoti or Sakkuṇāti (is able)
sakkoti = √sak + ṇo + ti , where ‘kṇ’ becomes ‘kk’. ‘sak’ becomes ‘sakk’
sakkuṇāti = √sak + uṇā + ti, here the ‘k’ becomes ‘kk’. The reason of double ‘kk’ because it follows the analogy of sakkoti.
2. Sugati or Suggati (good destination)
Analogy means comparison between one thing and another made for the purpose of explanation. Here, the analogy is drawn between Pāḷi and Sanskrit.
Some changes cannot follow the normal grammar rules but follow the way of pronunciation.
1. Sakkoti or Sakkuṇāti (is able)
sakkoti = √sak + ṇo + ti , where ‘kṇ’ becomes ‘kk’. ‘sak’ becomes ‘sakk’
sakkuṇāti = √sak + uṇā + ti, here the ‘k’ becomes ‘kk’. The reason of double ‘kk’ because it follows the analogy of sakkoti.
2. Sugati or Suggati (good destination)
Duggati = dur + gati , where rg becomes gg
Original word is sugati (su + gati) but there is also suggati in poems. The suggati follows the analogy of duggati where ‘g’ becomes ‘gg’.
Original word is sugati (su + gati) but there is also suggati in poems. The suggati follows the analogy of duggati where ‘g’ becomes ‘gg’.
3. Pakkami or Pakkāmi (aorist, third person singular) (step out/went away)
Skt: pra + √kram + i
Pāḷi: pa + √ kam + i > pakkami or pakkāmi
Pakkāmi follows the analogy of pacāmi, gacchāmi where there is long vowel ‘ā’ before ‘mi’.
Pakkāmi follows the analogy of pacāmi, gacchāmi where there is long vowel ‘ā’ before ‘mi’.
4. Appasacca/ Bahusacca
appassuta + ya = appasucca ( ‘a’ after the ‘t’ is dropped, ty >cc)
becomes appasacca due to influence of pronunciation of sacca.
so also, bahussucca becomes bahusacca
appassucca > appasacca
bahussucca >bahusacca
appassuta + ya = appasucca ( ‘a’ after the ‘t’ is dropped, ty >cc)
becomes appasacca due to influence of pronunciation of sacca.
so also, bahussucca becomes bahusacca
appassucca > appasacca
bahussucca >bahusacca
Skt:Appa + √śru + ta (śr > ss)
skt:√śru Pāḷi:√su vi + √śru + ta > vissuta
5. Ending vowel as becomes oāpas > āpo (water)
manas > mano (mind)
tejas > tejo (heat)
tejasā / manasā are the instrumental case.
padasā
The instrumental case of pada is padasā. Because it takes the analogy of tejasā, the ending vowel ‘a’ of pada becomes ‘as’.
Vāyu > vāyo (wind)
Here,ending vowel ‘u’ is changed to ‘o’, because it follows the false analogy of tejo, āpo etc.
skt:√śru Pāḷi:√su vi + √śru + ta > vissuta
5. Ending vowel as becomes oāpas > āpo (water)
manas > mano (mind)
tejas > tejo (heat)
tejasā / manasā are the instrumental case.
padasā
The instrumental case of pada is padasā. Because it takes the analogy of tejasā, the ending vowel ‘a’ of pada becomes ‘as’.
Vāyu > vāyo (wind)
Here,ending vowel ‘u’ is changed to ‘o’, because it follows the false analogy of tejo, āpo etc.
6. Suvaca or Subbaca (obedient)
Dubbaca (dur + vaca) where rv > vv > bb
Su + vaca = suvaca
Dubbaca (dur + vaca) where rv > vv > bb
Su + vaca = suvaca
Because suvaca takes the false analogy of dubbaca, so subbaca also exists in the texts.
7. Naccana
Kita = root + suffix or
base + suffix
Example: pacana = √pac + ana (pac is root, ana is suffix)
Kita cannot be joined to kita.
√naṭ + ya > nacca (ṭy >cc), nacca is a kita.
Nacca + ana >naccana . Here ‘ana’ suffix is joined to kita ‘nacca’. This is not correct according to the grammar rule because suffix ‘ana’ must be joined only to root/base to become kita.
The reason is : Naccana follows the false analogy of nacca.
8. Drākṣyati / dakkhati
√dṛś + syati > drāk + ṣyati > drāk + ssati (will see)
(ssati is future tense) or
√dṛākṣyati > dda-kkhati > dakkhati or dakkhiti
(dṛ>dd, ā > a, kṣy > kkh) > The root of dakkhati is √dṛś or √dis
Note: root ‘dis’ cannot become dakkh. ‘Dis’ root must be join to the future tense ‘ṣyati’ to become ‘dakkhati’. ‘Dakkhati’ is the result of combination of root ‘dis’ and future tense verbal termination.
In Pāḷi grammar, ‘dis’ can be changed to ‘dakkha’. There are conjugation like dakhissati (he will see), dakkhissanti (they will see), dakkhissasi…
7. Naccana
Kita = root + suffix or
base + suffix
Example: pacana = √pac + ana (pac is root, ana is suffix)
Kita cannot be joined to kita.
√naṭ + ya > nacca (ṭy >cc), nacca is a kita.
Nacca + ana >naccana . Here ‘ana’ suffix is joined to kita ‘nacca’. This is not correct according to the grammar rule because suffix ‘ana’ must be joined only to root/base to become kita.
The reason is : Naccana follows the false analogy of nacca.
8. Drākṣyati / dakkhati
√dṛś + syati > drāk + ṣyati > drāk + ssati (will see)
(ssati is future tense) or
√dṛākṣyati > dda-kkhati > dakkhati or dakkhiti
(dṛ>dd, ā > a, kṣy > kkh) > The root of dakkhati is √dṛś or √dis
Note: root ‘dis’ cannot become dakkh. ‘Dis’ root must be join to the future tense ‘ṣyati’ to become ‘dakkhati’. ‘Dakkhati’ is the result of combination of root ‘dis’ and future tense verbal termination.
In Pāḷi grammar, ‘dis’ can be changed to ‘dakkha’. There are conjugation like dakhissati (he will see), dakkhissanti (they will see), dakkhissasi…
By Sanskrit grammar, ‘dis’ is not same as ‘dakkha’.
So, dakkhati is completely false analogy.
So, dakkhati is completely false analogy.
9. Pūrvāhṇa (Pubbaṇha) (forenoon/morning)
Pubba + anha > pubbaṇha (n > ṇ)
Due to ‘r’ in pūrvāhṇa, dental ‘n’ changes to lingual ‘ṇ’ because of
grammar rule 3) h, ṛ, r, ṣ, + n (dental n) > ṇ (lingual). But the ‘r’ cannot be seen in the Pāḷi ‘pubba’.
Due to ‘r’ in pūrvāhṇa, dental ‘n’ changes to lingual ‘ṇ’ because of
grammar rule 3) h, ṛ, r, ṣ, + n (dental n) > ṇ (lingual). But the ‘r’ cannot be seen in the Pāḷi ‘pubba’.
Majja + anha > Majjaṇha (midday/noon)
Sāya + anha > Sāyaṇha (evening)
Sāya + anha > Sāyaṇha (evening)
These follow the analogy of ‘pubba’where ‘n’ becomes ‘ṇ’.
10.
Stem form:guṇavant / guṇavat
Nominative singular : guṇavā , guṇavanto
Nominative plural : guṇavanto , guṇavantā
Instrumenal singular :guṇavantena /guṇavatā
Ablative singular : guṇavatasmā /guṇavatā
Dative/genitive :guṇavato
Guṇavantaḥ > Guṇavanto is original form.
It comes from the Sankrit ‘Guṇavantaḥ’. Ending letter ‘aḥ’ becomes ‘o’.
Guṇavanto, Guṇavantā, guṇavantena is following the declination of puriso, purisā, purisena.
So, also for the kamma declination follow the guṇavant/guṇavat
Kammena/kammunā/kammanā
Stem form:guṇavant / guṇavat
Nominative singular : guṇavā , guṇavanto
Nominative plural : guṇavanto , guṇavantā
Instrumenal singular :guṇavantena /guṇavatā
Ablative singular : guṇavatasmā /guṇavatā
Dative/genitive :guṇavato
Guṇavantaḥ > Guṇavanto is original form.
It comes from the Sankrit ‘Guṇavantaḥ’. Ending letter ‘aḥ’ becomes ‘o’.
Guṇavanto, Guṇavantā, guṇavantena is following the declination of puriso, purisā, purisena.
So, also for the kamma declination follow the guṇavant/guṇavat
Kammena/kammunā/kammanā
9th August 2013
Rule:Due to the following vowel, the preceding vowel is changed
Rule:Due to the following vowel, the preceding vowel is changed
i > u
If there is ‘u’ vowel in the following place, the vowel ‘i’ in the preceding place is changed to ‘u’ vowel.
Or, if the following vowel is ‘u’, the preceding vowel ‘i’ is changed to ‘u’.
If there is ‘u’ vowel in the following place, the vowel ‘i’ in the preceding place is changed to ‘u’ vowel.
Or, if the following vowel is ‘u’, the preceding vowel ‘i’ is changed to ‘u’.
iṣu > usu (arrow)
iksu > ucchu (sugar cane) (ks > kkh > cch )
śiṣu > susu (young) (ś>s, ṣ > s)
iksu > ucchu (sugar cane) (ks > kkh > cch )
śiṣu > susu (young) (ś>s, ṣ > s)
śisumāra > susumāra
suṃsumāra (crocodile/alligator)
suṃsumāra (crocodile/alligator)
kiṣku > kukku (a kind of metrics system) (ṣk > kk)
skt:niśthivati > niṭṭhibhati / nuṭṭhubhati (to spit out)prefix=niś, root = thiv
śth > tth, v> b > bh
a > uIf the following vowel is ‘u’, the preceding vowel -‘a’ is changed to ‘u’.
śth > tth, v> b > bh
a > uIf the following vowel is ‘u’, the preceding vowel -‘a’ is changed to ‘u’.
samudga > sumugga (basket/container) (dg > gg)
asūyā > usūyā (envy)
/usuyyā
asūyā > usūyā (envy)
/usuyyā
a > i If the following vowel is ‘i’, the preceding vowel-‘a’ is changed to ‘i’.
tamisrā > timissā (darkness)
sarīsṛpa > sirīsapa (snake)
or siriṃsapa, where long vowel (ī) is similar to short vowel (i) + ṃ
sarīsṛpa > sirīsapa (snake)
or siriṃsapa, where long vowel (ī) is similar to short vowel (i) + ṃ
Rule:Due to the preceding vowel, the following vowel is changed
a > u If the preceding vowel is ‘u’, the following vowel-‘a’ is changed to ‘u’.
kuraṅga > kuruṅga (a kind of deer)
udaṅka > uluṅka (laddle) (d> l)
kuraṅga > kuruṅga (a kind of deer)
udaṅka > uluṅka (laddle) (d> l)
pukkaśa > pukkusa (the lowest caste, refuse-clearing) (ś > s)
pṛthagjana > puthagjana > puthujjana (worldling) (ṛ > u , gj > jj)
/ pṛthag + jana
First, ṛ changes to u, becomes puthag. Then, due to preceding ‘u’ vowel, puthag becomes puthug.
Pāḷī: puthu + jana > puthujjana. The j becoming jj is because of g in Sanskrit.
pṛthagjana > puthagjana > puthujjana (worldling) (ṛ > u , gj > jj)
/ pṛthag + jana
First, ṛ changes to u, becomes puthag. Then, due to preceding ‘u’ vowel, puthag becomes puthug.
Pāḷī: puthu + jana > puthujjana. The j becoming jj is because of g in Sanskrit.
13. Aug 2013
u > a Due to preceding vowel-‘ā’, the following vowel-‘u’ changes to ‘a’
āyuṣmant > āyaṣmant > āyasmā (mant means endowed with, āyuṣ means life, āyuṣmant means long life) ( ṣ > s, mant>mā)
āyuṣ + o > āvuso ( [Vocative], friend; brother) (y > v)
āyuṣmant > āyaṣmant > āyasmā (mant means endowed with, āyuṣ means life, āyuṣmant means long life) ( ṣ > s, mant>mā)
āyuṣ + o > āvuso ( [Vocative], friend; brother) (y > v)
mastuluṅga > matthaluṅga (brain) (st > tth)
śaṣkulī > sakkhalī (ear-lobe) (ṣk > kkh )
a >i
Due to preceding vowel-‘i’, the following vowel-‘a’ changes to ‘i’
śṛṅgavera > siṅgavera > siṅgivera (ginger) (ṛ > i)
ni + √sad + na = nisanna (Sanskrit word)
Type of Change 1: By compared Pālī and Sanskrit, change is due to the preceding vowel ‘i’ in ‘ni’
nisanna > nisinna (sitting down/seat down)
Type of Change 2: By following Pāļi grammar, root ‘sad’ becomes ‘sīd’
Type of Change 1: By compared Pālī and Sanskrit, change is due to the preceding vowel ‘i’ in ‘ni’
nisanna > nisinna (sitting down/seat down)
Type of Change 2: By following Pāļi grammar, root ‘sad’ becomes ‘sīd’
ni + √sad > sīd + na > nisinna (dn > nn, ī > i)
i > a Due to the influence of preceding vowel ‘a’, the following vowel ‘i’ becomes ‘a’.
i > a Due to the influence of preceding vowel ‘a’, the following vowel ‘i’ becomes ‘a’.
Pokkharinī > pokkharanī (lotus pond)
Rule:Due to the preceding consonant, the following neighbouring vowel changes to the same place of articulation.
muti/muta (like diṭṭha maṅgala, suta maṅgala, muta maṅgala – the blessing of what is seen, what is heard, what is known)
√mant + ta > muta (known/understood)
( n is dropped, ma > mu)
√mant + ta > muta (known/understood)
( n is dropped, ma > mu)
ud + √ majj + a + ti > ummujjati (emerge from the water) ( ma > mu)
saṃmārjanī > sammujjani (dives into water) (rj > jj, mā > mu)Consonant ‘m’ is oṭṭhaja/labial sound. ‘A’ vowel of ‘ma’ becomes ‘u’ vowel, because ‘u’ is same place of articulation with ‘m’.
saṃmārjanī > sammujjani (dives into water) (rj > jj, mā > mu)Consonant ‘m’ is oṭṭhaja/labial sound. ‘A’ vowel of ‘ma’ becomes ‘u’ vowel, because ‘u’ is same place of articulation with ‘m’.
jugupsā > jigucchā (disgusting) (ps > cch) (ju > ji)
Consonant ‘j’ is tāluja/palatal sound. ‘U’ vowel of ‘gu’ becomes ‘i’, because ‘u’ is of same place of articulation with ‘m’.
majjā > mijjā > mījā > miṃjā (marrow)
Because of consonant ‘j’ which is tāluja/palatal sound, the vowel ‘a’ of ‘ma’ becomes ‘i’.
(ijj):Short vowel (i) + double consonants (jj) is same as
(īj) : long vowel (ī) + single consonant (j)
Then, long vowel ‘ī’ becomes ‘iṃ’ because of the rule ī = iṃ
(ijj):Short vowel (i) + double consonants (jj) is same as
(īj) : long vowel (ī) + single consonant (j)
Then, long vowel ‘ī’ becomes ‘iṃ’ because of the rule ī = iṃ
bhūyas > bhiyyo (exceedingly, more, in higher degree)(ū>i ,y > yy, as > o)
Because of ‘y’ which is taluja/palatal, vowel ‘ū’ before it becomes ‘i’. ‘I’ vowel is of same place of articulation with ‘y’.
Because of ‘y’ which is taluja/palatal, vowel ‘ū’ before it becomes ‘i’. ‘I’ vowel is of same place of articulation with ‘y’.
śayyā > siyyā > seyyā (bed/lying down) ( ś > s, a > i > e)
Because of ‘y’ which is taluja/palatal, vowel ‘a’ before it becomes ‘i’ then ‘e’. ‘I’ vowel is of same place of articulation with ‘y’.
Because of ‘y’ which is taluja/palatal, vowel ‘a’ before it becomes ‘i’ then ‘e’. ‘I’ vowel is of same place of articulation with ‘y’.
16th August 2013
Rule: Due to stressed/accent on first syllable,
the following unstressed/non-accent syllable is dropped.
udaka > udka> ukka > oka (water)
( dk > kk > k (first k is dropped) )
Due to stressed first syllable –‘u’ vowel, the following syllable-‘a’ vowel is dropped. Because dropping of unstressed vowel, ‘u’ becomes ‘o’.
the following unstressed/non-accent syllable is dropped.
udaka > udka> ukka > oka (water)
( dk > kk > k (first k is dropped) )
Due to stressed first syllable –‘u’ vowel, the following syllable-‘a’ vowel is dropped. Because dropping of unstressed vowel, ‘u’ becomes ‘o’.
agāra > agra > agg (house) (gr > gg)
Due to stressed first syllable-‘a’ vowel , the following ‘ā’ vowel is dropped.
For example bhattagga (food-house) – dining room, literally means house of food)
For example bhattagga (food-house) – dining room, literally means house of food)
jāgarati > jāgrati > jaggati (to watch) (gr > gg)
Rule: 2.After the accented first syllable, if there is ‘a’ vowel in the following place, then that ‘a’ vowel changes to ‘i’.
madhyama > majjhima (middle) (dhy > jjh)
carama > carima (last)
for example: carima-citta (last citta , same like cuti citta)
parama > parima (highest)candramas > candimā (moon)
Due to accented/stressed first syllable-‘can’, the ‘a’ vowel of ‘dra’ becomes ‘i. Due to the law compensation, when ‘s’ is dropped, ‘a’ of ‘ma’ becomes ‘ā’.‘Dr’ becomes ‘d’, ‘r’ is dropped. Synonym: candra/canda, indra/inda.
Due to accented/stressed first syllable-‘can’, the ‘a’ vowel of ‘dra’ becomes ‘i. Due to the law compensation, when ‘s’ is dropped, ‘a’ of ‘ma’ becomes ‘ā’.‘Dr’ becomes ‘d’, ‘r’ is dropped. Synonym: candra/canda, indra/inda.
Putraman > puttimā (One that has many children)
(tr > tt, man > mā). Due to accented/stressed first syllable-‘pu’, the ‘a’ vowel of following unstressed syllable becomes ‘i’.
By Pāḷi grammar, putta + mant > puttimant
(tr > tt, man > mā). Due to accented/stressed first syllable-‘pu’, the ‘a’ vowel of following unstressed syllable becomes ‘i’.
By Pāḷi grammar, putta + mant > puttimant
satyaka > sa-tya-ka > saccika (true, real)(ty > cc) (sacca + ika). Due to accented/stressed first syllable –‘sa’, the ‘a’ vowel of following unstressed syllable ‘tya’ becomes ‘i’ vowel.
ahaṃkāra > ahiṃkāra (thinking of me/I – egoism, pride of I)
Due to accented/stressed first syllable - ‘a’ vowel, the ‘a’ vowel of following unstressed ‘haṃ’ becomes ‘i’ vowel.
drākṣyati = drā – kṣya – ti > (will see)
ahaṃkāra > ahiṃkāra (thinking of me/I – egoism, pride of I)
Due to accented/stressed first syllable - ‘a’ vowel, the ‘a’ vowel of following unstressed ‘haṃ’ becomes ‘i’ vowel.
drākṣyati = drā – kṣya – ti > (will see)
ddā -kkha – ti > dākkhati > dakkhiti (a > i)
(The first ‘d’ of ‘dd’ is dropped. Due to stressed on first syllable-‘da’, the following vowel becomes ‘i’.)
karṣyasi (ka - rṣya - si) > kassasi > kahasi (rṣy > ss, then ss > h)
or
karṣyasi (kar - ṣya – si) > kā-ssa-si > kāhasi (will do/will make)
‘ar’ becomes ‘ā’, ‘ṣy’ becomes ‘ss’, then ‘ss’ becomes ‘h’).
karṣyasi (kar - ṣya – si) > kā-ssa-si > kāhasi (will do/will make)
‘ar’ becomes ‘ā’, ‘ṣy’ becomes ‘ss’, then ‘ss’ becomes ‘h’).
kāhasi > kāhisi . Formation is √kar + ssati (will do/make)
Due to accented first syllable –‘kā’, the ‘a’ vowel of following syllable-‘ha’ becomes ‘i’.
hohati > hohiti, √hu + ssati > hohati (will become) ( u > o, ss > h)
Due to accented first syllable –‘ho’, the ‘a’ vowel of following syllable-‘ha’ becomes ‘i’. ‘Ho’ can become ‘he’.
hohati > hehati > hehiti
Due to accented first syllable –‘kā’, the ‘a’ vowel of following syllable-‘ha’ becomes ‘i’.
hohati > hohiti, √hu + ssati > hohati (will become) ( u > o, ss > h)
Due to accented first syllable –‘ho’, the ‘a’ vowel of following syllable-‘ha’ becomes ‘i’. ‘Ho’ can become ‘he’.
hohati > hehati > hehiti
4 forms:hohati,hohiti, hehati, hehiti
eṣyasi > essasi > ehasi (will come) (ṣy > ss > h)
eṣyasi > essasi > ehasi (will come) (ṣy > ss > h)
essati > ehati > ehiti
Due to accented first syllable –‘e’, the ‘a’ vowel of following syllable-‘ha’ becomes ‘i’.
20th August 2013
Rule: Due to neighbouring consonant, the following vowel changes to that same articulation (place of sound).
Because of ‘V’ is labial, the ‘a’ vowel changes to ‘u’ vowel. ‘U’ vowel is also labial sound.
navati > navuti (ninety)
prāvaraṇa > pāvuraṇa > pāpuraṇa > pārupaṇa (cloak)
(‘v’ changes to ‘p’, then metathesis between ‘p’ and ‘r’)
navati > navuti (ninety)
prāvaraṇa > pāvuraṇa > pāpuraṇa > pārupaṇa (cloak)
(‘v’ changes to ‘p’, then metathesis between ‘p’ and ‘r’)
Because of ‘M’ is labial sound, the ‘a’ vowel changes to ‘u’ vowel. ‘U’ vowel is also labial sound.
saṃmati or sammati > sammuti (consent, agreement) like sammuti-sacca (conventional truth, concept that is accepted
by many people)
kammanā > kammunā (karman + ā > kammena /kammanā/kammunā
saṃmati or sammati > sammuti (consent, agreement) like sammuti-sacca (conventional truth, concept that is accepted
by many people)
kammanā > kammunā (karman + ā > kammena /kammanā/kammunā
(instrumental case of kamman)This follows the false analogy of the declension of consonantal like- rājan/gacchat/satthar/brahman :
brahmanā > brahmunā (instrumental case)
brahmanā > brahmunā (instrumental case)
Rule:Due to palatal/gutteral/labial consonant, the following a vowel can change to ‘u’.
Due to the neigbouring consonant -(‘j’) which is palatal, the following vowel changes to ‘u’.arjaka > ajjuka (name of a plant that grown in India) (rj > jj)
sarjarasa > sajjulasa (resin) (rj > jj, r > l)
sarjarasa > sajjulasa (resin) (rj > jj, r > l)
kiknasa > kukkusa (red powder of rice husk) (kn > kk)
Due to guttural ‘k’, ‘i’ vowel becomes ‘u’. Due to dental ‘n’, ‘a’ vowel becomes ‘u’.
Due to guttural ‘k’, ‘i’ vowel becomes ‘u’. Due to dental ‘n’, ‘a’ vowel becomes ‘u’.
preṅkhana > pekhuna (wing of bird)
(pr > pp > p where first ‘p’ is dropped, ‘ṅ’ is dropped)
rājinā > rājunā
rājan + ā > rājinā , rājunā , raññā (instrument case of rājan)
23rd August 2013
Rule:The syllable with long vowel before a stressed syllabus (underline) is changed to weaker form.
Nyagrodha > nigrodha (banyan tree) (ya > i)
Kārṣāpana > kahāpaṇa (coin) (ā > a, r is dropped, ṣ > h, n > ṇ)
or (rṣ > ss > h)
dvividha > duvidha (a biped, a man) (vi > u)
sthāpayati > ṭhapeti (keep) (sth > ṭṭh > ṭh) (aya > e)
Pāḷi:√ṭhā + (ā)paya + ti (ṭhā > ṭha) , ṭhapana
Pāḷi:√ṭhā + (ā)paya + ti (ṭhā > ṭha) , ṭhapana
√kī + nā + ti > kīnāti > kiṇāti (buy) (root kī becomes ki)
Śavasayana > susāna (cemetery)
Meaning: Chava + sayana (dead body/corpse, lying down/dwelling)
Meaning: Chava + sayana (dead body/corpse, lying down/dwelling)
śava - saya-na > su –sā-na (ś > s, ava> o> u, aya > ā)
śava is chava, so ‘ś’ can become ‘ch’ according to this example.
śava is chava, so ‘ś’ can become ‘ch’ according to this example.
Rule:Unstressed final vowel can be changed to weaker form.
asau > asu (that/this) (pronoun) (au > o > u)
utāho > udāhu (or) (t >d, o > u)
sadyas > sajju (immediately) (dy > jj, as > o > u)
hetos > hetu (root/cause) (os > u)
utāho > udāhu (or) (t >d, o > u)
sadyas > sajju (immediately) (dy > jj, as > o > u)
hetos > hetu (root/cause) (os > u)
Nasalization
kṛtvas > kṛ-tv-as >kha-tt-u-(ṃ) >khattuṃ
(k> kh, ṛ > a , tv > tt, as > o > u, ṃ is added)
(adverb forming multiplicative numerals like ekakhattuṃ (one time)
(k> kh, ṛ > a , tv > tt, as > o > u, ṃ is added)
(adverb forming multiplicative numerals like ekakhattuṃ (one time)
adas > aduṃ (as > u, ṃ is added) (this/that)
sākṣāt > sakkhi (with one’s own eyes)
saha + akṣāt > sa + akṣā > sa + akkhi > sakkhi
( kṣ> kkh , final vowel ā > i, t is dropped)
( kṣ> kkh , final vowel ā > i, t is dropped)
saha (together) + akṣa (eyes, akkhi)
Example: sakkhi > sacchi , sacchikaroti (to realize)
Example: sakkhi > sacchi , sacchikaroti (to realize)
Rule: Long vowel of second syllabus becomes short 27/08/2013
alīka > alika (false)
gṛhīta > gahita (taken; seized; grasped, grip)
prajñāvant > paññavant (having wisdom/wise)
paññavā (jñ > ññ)
pānīya > pāniya (water/drink/beverage)
vālmīka > vammika (ant-hill)
(lm > mm, vā becomes va because of double consonant mm)
sālūka > sāluka (lotus-stalk)
tatīya > tatiya (third)
gṛhīta > gahita (taken; seized; grasped, grip)
prajñāvant > paññavant (having wisdom/wise)
paññavā (jñ > ññ)
pānīya > pāniya (water/drink/beverage)
vālmīka > vammika (ant-hill)
(lm > mm, vā becomes va because of double consonant mm)
sālūka > sāluka (lotus-stalk)
tatīya > tatiya (third)
Rule: 1. Long vowel of second syllabus becomes short;
2.because of stressed second syllabus, the unstressed first syllabus (dvi) is changed to weaker form (du)
dvitīya > dutiya (second) (dvi > du)
Qualitative change on the second syllabus, or chaotic change, where the vowel on second syllabus becomes something else.
parjanya = pa-rja-nya > pajjunna (rain) (rj > jj, ja> ju, ny > nn)
maireya = mai-re-ya > meraya (liquor/spirits) (mai> me,re > ra)
mṛdaṅga > mutiṅga (ṛ > u, da > ti) (small drum)
maireya = mai-re-ya > meraya (liquor/spirits) (mai> me,re > ra)
mṛdaṅga > mutiṅga (ṛ > u, da > ti) (small drum)
Rule:Short vowel in first syllabus becomes long
ajira > ājira (courtyard)alinda > ālinda (terrace)
anubhāva > ānubhāva (power)
pratyeka > pāṭiyekka (individual, single, separate)
or pacceka
( pra-tye-ka , pr > pp > p where first ‘p’ is dropped, insertion of ‘i' between ‘t’ and ‘y’, t > ṭ, k becomes double)
pratibhoga > pāṭibhoga (pr > pp > p, t > ṭ) (surety)
anubhāva > ānubhāva (power)
pratyeka > pāṭiyekka (individual, single, separate)
or pacceka
( pra-tye-ka , pr > pp > p where first ‘p’ is dropped, insertion of ‘i' between ‘t’ and ‘y’, t > ṭ, k becomes double)
pratibhoga > pāṭibhoga (pr > pp > p, t > ṭ) (surety)
kunadī > kūnadī > kunnadī (small river)
ūn > unn (long vowel ‘u’ and single consonant ‘n’ is similar to
short vowel ‘u’ and double consonants ‘nn’)
umā > ūmā > ummā (ūm = umm) rule as above kunadī (a kind of flower-azure/flax)
kumārga =ku-mā-rga > kūmārga > kummagga (road that is difficult to pass, or bad road),
(rg > gg, ūm > umm) , rule as above kunadī
kumārga =ku-mā-rga > kūmārga > kummagga (road that is difficult to pass, or bad road),
(rg > gg, ūm > umm) , rule as above kunadī
Sampasārana (contraction of vowel or consonant)
ya/yā > i/ī 30th August 2013
styāna > thīna (sloth) (st> tth> th, yā > ī)
thina
dvyaha > dvīha (two days)
(dvi+ aha >dvyaha, where ‘i’ becomes ‘y’)
tryaha > tīha (three days) (tri + aha > try + aha, ‘aha’ can become ‘aṇha’)
for example: majjha + aṇha = majjhaṇha (noon, mid-day)
thina
dvyaha > dvīha (two days)
(dvi+ aha >dvyaha, where ‘i’ becomes ‘y’)
tryaha > tīha (three days) (tri + aha > try + aha, ‘aha’ can become ‘aṇha’)
for example: majjha + aṇha = majjhaṇha (noon, mid-day)
vyativṛtta > vītivatta (overcome/passed) (ya > ī, ṛ > a)
va/vā > u, ū, o
svasti > sotthi (welfare/happiness) (va > o, st> tth)
/suvatthi (insertion of ‘u’ between ‘s’ and ‘v’, st > tth)
svapna > supina (dream) (va > u, insertion ‘i’ between ‘p’ and ‘n’) śvāṇa > soṇa (dog) (vā > o)
śvabhra > sobbha (tank) (va > o, bhr > bbh)
va/vā > u, ū, o
svasti > sotthi (welfare/happiness) (va > o, st> tth)
/suvatthi (insertion of ‘u’ between ‘s’ and ‘v’, st > tth)
svapna > supina (dream) (va > u, insertion ‘i’ between ‘p’ and ‘n’) śvāṇa > soṇa (dog) (vā > o)
śvabhra > sobbha (tank) (va > o, bhr > bbh)
*dveṣa > dosa (enemy) (ve > o, ṣ > s)
According to commentary:
Attano khādanatthāya mate sunakhe labhitvā pacatīti sopāko-Having gotten dead dog and cook it for one’s consumption, this race is called sopāka[1]
According to commentary:
Attano khādanatthāya mate sunakhe labhitvā pacatīti sopāko-Having gotten dead dog and cook it for one’s consumption, this race is called sopāka[1]
śvan > śvā > so (dog)
*Compensation law:’n’ is elided, ‘a’ is upgraded, then ś > s, vā > oSopāka coming from sā + pacati
By Pāḷi way, śvā-pāka > sā-pāka > sopāka (dog-eater), (śv >ss > s, ā > o)
where dog (sā= śvā)/ sunakha/ soṇa = śvāṇa
aya > e
jayati > jeti (conquer/win/ surpass)
trayadaśa > tedasa (thirteen)
terasa (tr > tt, aya > e, ś > s) or ‘d’ becomes ‘r’
adhyayana > ajjhena (to recite) (dhy > jjh, aya> e)
sayanāsana> senāsana (lodging/dwelling place) (aya > e)
trayadaśa > tedasa (thirteen)
terasa (tr > tt, aya > e, ś > s) or ‘d’ becomes ‘r’
adhyayana > ajjhena (to recite) (dhy > jjh, aya> e)
sayanāsana> senāsana (lodging/dwelling place) (aya > e)
(sayana + āsana: sleeping and sitting place)
*śavasayana > susāna (cemetery) (ava > u, aya > ā)
*śavasayana > susāna (cemetery) (ava > u, aya > ā)
ava > o
avadhi > odhi (limit/boundary) (ava > o)
avama > oma (lowly, inferior) (ava > o)
pravaṇa > poṇa (inclined) (pr > pp > p where first p is dropped, ava > o)
avama > oma (lowly, inferior) (ava > o)
pravaṇa > poṇa (inclined) (pr > pp > p where first p is dropped, ava > o)
bhavati > bhoti/hoti (to be)
Dviṣ -(contraction of consonant)
√Dviṣ + a > ddiṣa > disa /desa (hate/enemy)
(dv > dd > d , where first d is dropped, i > e ṣ > s,)
Dviṣ + ta > ddiṭṭha > diṭṭha (enemy/hatred) (dv > dd, ṣt > ṭṭh)
(dv > dd > d , where first d is dropped, i > e ṣ > s,)
Dviṣ + ta > ddiṭṭha > diṭṭha (enemy/hatred) (dv > dd, ṣt > ṭṭh)
Dviṣ + ya > ddessa > dessa (dv > dd > d, i > e, ṣy > ss)
Dessiya (coming from disī+ṇya > desīya )
1. (Yo) saccaṃ dhammo dhiti, cāgo, diṭṭhaṃ, so ativattayī (kumbhīla-jataka)
Whoever has truth, dhamma, wise and given to liberality,
he overcomes hatred.
2.Dhammakāmo bhavaṃ hoti, dhammadessī parābhavo”.[2]
One who desires the Dhamma is grown,
One who hates Dhamma is destroyed/perished.3. Na me dessā ubho puttā[3] (I don’t hate my two children)
Whoever has truth, dhamma, wise and given to liberality,
he overcomes hatred.
2.Dhammakāmo bhavaṃ hoti, dhammadessī parābhavo”.[2]
One who desires the Dhamma is grown,
One who hates Dhamma is destroyed/perished.3. Na me dessā ubho puttā[3] (I don’t hate my two children)
Maddidevī na dessiyā (Doesn’t hate Maddidevī - the wife)
4.Diso disā yaṃ taṃ kayirā, verī vā pana verinaṃ
Micchāpaṇihitaṃ cittaṃ, pāpiyo naṃ tato kare[4]
Whatever harm an enemy may do to an enemy, or a hater to a hater,
an ill-directed mind inflicts on oneself a greater harm.
Micchāpaṇihitaṃ cittaṃ, pāpiyo naṃ tato kare[4]
Whatever harm an enemy may do to an enemy, or a hater to a hater,
an ill-directed mind inflicts on oneself a greater harm.
aya > ā 3rd Sep 2013
paṭisaṁlayana > paṭisallāna (meditation) (ṁl > ll, aya > ā)
paṭi + saṁ + √lī + ana
svastyayana > sotthāna (blessing) (va > o , sty > tth, aya > ā)
paṭi + saṁ + √lī + ana
svastyayana > sotthāna (blessing) (va > o , sty > tth, aya > ā)
svasti + ayana = svasti + √i + ana (√i > e/ay )
āya > āvaihāyasa > vehāsa (sky) (ai > e, āya > ā)
Kātyāyana > Kaccāna
/ Kaccāyana (name of a family)
Moggallāyana > Moggallāna (name of a family) (āya> ā)
upasthāyaka > upaṭṭhāka (attendant)
its verb is upaṭṭhāpeti, ‘āpe’ is causative suffix,
meaning is attendant, or, to make someone to stand near,
for example gilāna-upaṭṭhāka (attendant to sick)
āya > āvaihāyasa > vehāsa (sky) (ai > e, āya > ā)
Kātyāyana > Kaccāna
/ Kaccāyana (name of a family)
Moggallāyana > Moggallāna (name of a family) (āya> ā)
upasthāyaka > upaṭṭhāka (attendant)
its verb is upaṭṭhāpeti, ‘āpe’ is causative suffix,
meaning is attendant, or, to make someone to stand near,
for example gilāna-upaṭṭhāka (attendant to sick)
the ‘āya’ in upasthāyaka represents causative suffix, so also ‘ā’ in upaṭṭhāka
paṭisaṅkhāya > paṭisaṅkhā (having contemplated)
(āya > ā) or ‘ya’ is dropped. This is gerund form with ‘ya’,
abhiññāya > abhiññā (having understood well) (āya > ā, or ‘ya’ is dropped)
paṭisaṅkhāya > paṭisaṅkhā (having contemplated)
(āya > ā) or ‘ya’ is dropped. This is gerund form with ‘ya’,
abhiññāya > abhiññā (having understood well) (āya > ā, or ‘ya’ is dropped)
chamāya > chamā (on the earth) (āya > ā)
esanāya > esanā (having searched/looked/find) (āya > ā)
āva > oatidhāvana > atidhona (overcross / over –run) (āva >o)
āva > oatidhāvana > atidhona (overcross / over –run) (āva >o)
ar > oNote: When joined with consonant, ‘ar’ can become ‘o’ , or is assimilated.Type 1a: ‘ar’ becomes ‘o’, when joined to consonant.
punar + bhava > punobhava + ika > ponobhavika (‘u’ becomes ‘o’ due to ‘ika’ suffix)
Type 1b: ‘ar’ is assimilated when joined to consonant
punar + bhava > punabbhava + ikā > ponabbhavika
(‘u’ becomes ‘o’ due to suffix ‘ika’, rbh > bbh)
punar + bhava > punabbhava + ikā > ponabbhavika
(‘u’ becomes ‘o’ due to suffix ‘ika’, rbh > bbh)
like Ponabbhavikā in the Dhammacakkapavattana-sutta.
punar + bhava + ika + ā (‘ā’ is feminine because this word modified to taṅhā)
Type2: ‘ar’ remains same, when joined to vowel. Just like
punar + upasampadā > punarupasampadā (second ordination)
not punorupasampadā
punar + utti > punarutti (repetition)
So, ponobhavika, ponabbhavika (is correct),
ponobbhavika, punabbhavika (is incorrect)
Type2: ‘ar’ remains same, when joined to vowel. Just like
punar + upasampadā > punarupasampadā (second ordination)
not punorupasampadā
punar + utti > punarutti (repetition)
So, ponobhavika, ponabbhavika (is correct),
ponobbhavika, punabbhavika (is incorrect)
avā > ā 07/09/2013
yavāgu > yāgu (gruel)
ayi, avi > eāścarya > acchariya (śc > cch, insertion of ‘i’ between ‘r’ and ‘y’)
> acchayira > accchera (marvel, wonder)
ācariya> ācayira> ācera (teacher)
mātsarya > macchariya(stinginess/don’t want to share things with people) (ts> cch, insertion ‘i’ of ‘r’ and ‘y’)
> macchayira > macchera (ayi> e)
> acchayira > accchera (marvel, wonder)
ācariya> ācayira> ācera (teacher)
mātsarya > macchariya(stinginess/don’t want to share things with people) (ts> cch, insertion ‘i’ of ‘r’ and ‘y’)
> macchayira > macchera (ayi> e)
(māt = one’s own, sarya = to be/to become) The Kaccāyana explanation:√mas + cchara /cchera > macchera (‘s’ is elided)
sthavīra > thera (elder) (sth > tth, avī >e)
ayi > eprātihārya > pāṭihāriya > pāṭihāyira > pāṭihera (marvel/miracle)
apa > o
apavaraka > ovaraka (inner apartment) (apa > aba > ava> o)
prati + apa + /ṣvaṣk + a + ti > paccosakkati/paccossakkati
apa > o
apavaraka > ovaraka (inner apartment) (apa > aba > ava> o)
prati + apa + /ṣvaṣk + a + ti > paccosakkati/paccossakkati
(pr> pp > p where first ‘p’ is dropped, ti > ty > cc,
apa > o, ṣv > ss, ṣk > kk) (to retreat/to go away)
apa > o, ṣv > ss, ṣk > kk) (to retreat/to go away)
Svarabhakti (insertion) 10 sep 2013
Note: Insertion of some vowels, especially ‘a’, ‘i’,‘u’ in the conjunct consonants which are connected with
i.) nasal consonants,
ii.) ‘r’, ‘l’, ‘v’ and ‘y’.
Can be at the initial position; or middle position - which is more common.
i.) nasal consonants,
ii.) ‘r’, ‘l’, ‘v’ and ‘y’.
Can be at the initial position; or middle position - which is more common.
Nasal consonants can be labial, or dental.
i.) For labial type (“m”), “u” is inserted;
ii) For dental type (“n”) , ‘i’ is inserted.
i.) For labial type (“m”), “u” is inserted;
ii) For dental type (“n”) , ‘i’ is inserted.
There are three options for the conjunct consonants.
1.Insertion,
2.Assimilation,
3.Remove the final consonant. According law of mora, short vowel becomes long vowel.
1.Insertion,
2.Assimilation,
3.Remove the final consonant. According law of mora, short vowel becomes long vowel.
For example,
ud + gacchati > uggacchati ( ‘d’ and ‘g’ are assimilated –this is option 1.)
ud + hanati > ūhanati (option 3) like saṃ + ūhanati > samūhanati
(simaṃ samūhanati, to remove the (old) sima).
ud + hanati > ūhanati (option 3) like saṃ + ūhanati > samūhanati
(simaṃ samūhanati, to remove the (old) sima).
For consonant and vowel, there is no assimilation. but the letters remain as it is, like ud + āhara > udāhara
Insertion at the initial position
i + strī > itthī (woman) (str > tth)
u + smayate > umhayate (to smile) (s > h, h and m is interchanged)
In Pāḷi, to smile is sita. /smi + ta, (sm > ss)
In Pāḷi, to smile is sita. /smi + ta, (sm > ss)
Insertion at the middle positionīryate > iriyati (moves)
Because of the insertion ‘i’ vowel between ‘r’ and ‘y’, the first letter ‘ī’ becomes shortened. Where there is ‘y’, ‘i’ vowel is inserted.
Because of the insertion ‘i’ vowel between ‘r’ and ‘y’, the first letter ‘ī’ becomes shortened. Where there is ‘y’, ‘i’ vowel is inserted.
maryādā > mariyādā (frontier/limitation)
vāryate > vāriyati (to prevent)
jyā > jiyā (bow string)
hyas > hiyo >hiyyo (yesterday) (as >o)
kāluṣya > kālusiya (darkening)
pṛcchyate > pucchayate ( ṛ > u)
vajra > vajira (diamond)
pūrṣa > purisa (man) [this is option 1. insertion]
pūrṣa> possa>posa (man) ( ū > o, ṣ >s) [this is option 2. assimilation]
sneha > sineha (attachment)
tṛṣṇā > tasinā (greed/craving)
>taṇhā (ṣ > h, then ‘h’ and ‘ṇ’ are interchanged in position)
>taṇhā (ṣ > h, then ‘h’ and ‘ṇ’ are interchanged in position)
tīkṣṇa> tīkhṇa > tikhiṇa (sharp)
(kṣ > kkh > kh where the first ‘k’ is dropped. Because insertion ‘i’ vowel, the long vowel ‘ī’ becomes short.)
tīkṣṇa > tīhṇa > tiṇha ( the first letter of triple consonant is dropped, ṣ > h, then interchange between ‘ṇ’ and ‘h’).
sūkṣma > sukhuma (soft/gentle/subtle) (kṣ > kkh > kh where the first ‘k’ is dropped). The ‘u’ vowel is inserted because of the labial ‘m’.
uṣman > usumā / usmā (heat) (n is dropped)
‘u’ vowel is inserted because of the labial ‘m’.
rājñā >rājinā (instrumental/ablative case of rājā)
‘i’ vowel is inserted because of the palatal ‘j’.
snuṣā > sunṣā > suṇisā (daughter-in-law) (insertion of ‘i’)
snuṣā > sunṣā > suṇhā (ṣ > h, nh > ṇh)
plavati > palavati (to float)
grahati > garahati (reproaches/blame/scold)
hrāyati > harāyati (is ashamed, depressed/worried)
By the law of morae, these hrāyati and harāyati are same.
By the law of morae, these hrāyati and harāyati are same.
dve > duve (two)
ratna > ratana (gem)
agni > agini / gini (fire)
‘i’ vowel is inserted because of the dental ‘n’.
padma > paduma (lotus)
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