Comparison between Pāḷi and Sanskrit - Part 1

Introduction
What is Saṅskrit?
saṅskṛta >sakkata-bhāsa (Sanskrit) (ṅ is dropped, sk > kk, ṛ > a)
-This is according to Myanmar texts.The sakkata has another meaning:done well/honoured/duly attended. (sat + kata)
saṅskṛta > saṅkhata (s > h, hk > kh, ṛ > a) (conditioned, modified, changed)
saṅkhata-bhāsa (modified language) –this is original form, more correct
because Sanskrit is an artificial language.

prākṛti > pakati  (is called prākrit in English) (prā > ppā > pa)

pakati/pakata-bhāsa  (natural language)

Sanskrit letters:

Sara (vowel):14
a, ā, i, ī, u, ū, e, o, ṛ,ṝ, lṛ, lṝ, ai, au

Byañjana :33 (25 for vagga, 8 for avagga)

Vagga (group)

k	kh	g	gh	ṅ
c	ch	j	jh	ñ
ṭ	ṭh	ḍ	ḍh	ṇ
t	th	d	dh	n
P	ph	b	bh	m

Avagga: y, r, l, v, ś, ṣ , s, h (ś is called ga-shah, ṣ is called pa-shah)

47 (14 sara + 33 byañjana)

47 + ṃ, ḥ = 49

Location for the sounds- place of articulation.

	Vagga (group)						Avagga (Non-group)	Vowel
Kaṇṭhaja(guttural)	k	kh	g	gh	ṅ	h		a, ā
Tāluja (Palatal)	c	ch	j	jh	ñ	ś, y		i, ī
Muddhaja/  (Lingual/Celebral)	ṭ	ṭh	ḍ	ḍh	ṇ	ṣ, r		ṛ, ṝ
Dantaja (Dental)	t	th	d	dh	n	s, l		lṛ, lṝ
Oṭṭhaja/ Labial)	p	ph	b	bh	m	v		u, ū

ai = kaṇṭhaja-tāluja                au=kaṇṭhaja-oṭṭhaja

y        r           l              v              |         |            |            |  a   ā   i   ī      ṛ  ṝ      lṛ   lṝ         u  ū    (mūlasara)             \ /      \  /        \  /        \  /                                  e       ar           al         o     (guṇasara)               |                                |             ai                               au    (vuddhisara)

(basic/original vowel)Mūlasara: a, ā, i, ī, u, ū, ṛ, ṝ, lṛ, lṝ

                                   Gunasara:  e,  o,  ar, al 
                               Vuddhisara:   ai, au                                                    
Because the same place where the sound comes out,
 so y is linked for  i, ī ,       v is linked for  u, ū.
      r is linked to ṛ, ṝ;          l is linked to lṛ, lṝ  

ai, au, ar, al are called diphthong,
y, r, v, l are called semi-vowel.

Types of changes

1.law of assimilation ..eg. supta > sutta (slept)
2.svarabhakti (insertion) e.g. arya> ariya (noble)

                                            tṛṣnā  > tasinā  (insertion of ‘i’) (attachment)
                                               dve    > duve

3. sampasāraṇa (contraction)

           e.g styāna > thīna (st> tth > th, yā  is contracted to ‘ī’)  (sloth)

4. metathesis (changing of the position of consonants)

    e.g ārālika > ālārika  (cook)

         pariyupāsati > payirupāsati (attends on; associates; honours)

        kareṇu > kaṇeru (young elephant)

5. compensation

          e.g. medhāvin > medhāvī (‘n’ is elided, ‘‘i’’ is upgraded) (wise one)

6.haplology (drop the neighbouring sound because of similarity)

    e.g. gacchissasi> gacchisi (‘ssa’ and ‘si’ is simlar, ‘ssa’ is dropped)
      (you will go)

     viññāṇa + ānañca + āyatana  >
     viññā     +   nañca + āyatana    
>viññaṇañcāyatana (infinite consciousness)

    (‘ṇa’ and ‘nañ’ are similar, so ‘ṇa’ is dropped, )
     (where ananta + ya > ānantya > ānañca >, ty >cc > c , n>ñ)

Assimilation

From the strongest to the weakness

1.                   mutes

2.                   sibilants (ś, ṣ, s,) h

3.                   nasals ( ṅ, ñ,ņ, n, m, ṃ)

4.                   l, v, y, r

Rules of changes

1) ṛ        > a, i, u (mūla);   ar,  ār (guṇa)

2) ś, ṣ, s > h

3) h, ṛ, r, ṣ,    +   n  (dental n)  > ṇ (lingual)

4) ḥ        >  r , ś ,  ṣ ,  s  ,

     ḥ       > ṃ ,     ( ḥ is elided) ,     ( ḥ is assimilated)

   5) ar, al, ul > aṃ, uṃ

 6) ā = a + ṃ     ū = u + ṃ   ī  = i + ṃ
Other Rules
1.  Law of mora: long vowel+single consonant =
                           short vowel+double consonants
2.  Contractions: ai > i,   ava > o > u,   au > u  , .e.g.  kopya > kuppa
3.  False analogy e..g suggati =duggati
4.  Due to the following vowel, the preceding vowel is changed
     e.g. iṣu > usu      
5.  Due to the preceding vowel, the following vowel is changed
     e.g. kuraṅga > kuruṅga      

6. The vowel is changed to the same place of articulation of the
     earlier near consonant e.g.. jugupsā > jigucchā                          

7. Due to stressed/accent on first syllable,
     the following unstressed/non-accent syllable is dropped.
      e..g udaka > udka > ukka > oka
8. After the accented first syllable, the ‘a’ vowel of second syllable
     changes to ‘i’. e.g. carama > carima

9. Due to the stressed consonant, the neighbouring vowel changes to
     that same place of articulation .e.g. navati > navuti
10. Due to palatal/gutteral/labial consonant, the following ‘a’ vowel
      can change to ‘u’. e..g arjaka > ajjuka

11. The syllable with long vowel before a stressed syllabus is changed
      to weaker form. e..g nyagrodha > nigrodha
12.Unstressed final vowel can be changed to weaker form.
      e.g. sadyas > sajju
13. Long vowel of second syllabus becomes short  e.g. alīka > alika

14. Long vowel of second syllabus becomes something else, this change is
      called qualitative change/total change/chaotic change 
      e.g. maireya> meraya

15. Short vowel in first syllabus becomes long
     e.g. ajira > ājira

16. Sampasārana (contraction of vowel or consonant)
ya/yā > i/ī        va/vā > u, ū, o
aya > e            ava,āva  > o        
aya,  āya, avā  > ā
apa, ar > o
ayi, avi > e

---

17. Svarabhakti (insertion of vowel ‘a’,’i’, ‘u’ )

1) ṛ > a, i, u (mūla) , ar,  ār (guṇa)

a)   ṛ to ar

√kṛ  > kar  (ṛ > ar)   karaṇa  (making, doing , production)

√tṛ   > tar                 taraṇa  (crossing over)

√mṛ > mar               maraṇa (death)

√dhṛ > dhar             dharaṇa (carrying, bearing, learnt by heart)

ṛṣi + ya                 > ārisyaṃ  (recluseship)
Skt :√ṛ (to go, to wander)  Pāḷi: √i

√ṛ > ar + ya  > arya > ariya (insertion of ‘I’)

ārṣi+ ya  > ārs + ya > ārisyaṃ (insertion of ‘i’ between ‘r’ and ‘s’) 

Ārisyaṃ  is bhava taddhita.          

√vṛsa>  vassa  +ti >vassati   (rains)  (ṛ>ar, rṣ > ss)  

√ṛ + (ā)paya + ti > appeti )  (absorption)   (rp>pp  , aya> e)

arpaya + ana + ā > appanā
 ( rp > pp , aya> e, the final vowel of ‘ana’ is elided

 √ṛ with causative suffix, means to cause to move, to cause to reach

Note : √ap + e > appe + ana > appana + ā > appanā

mṛdu + a> mardava> maddava  (state of soft, softness)
(ṛ>ar, rd > dd, u >o > av). Pāḷi: mudu + a (taddhita)  ( u > a)

ṛju> arjava              >ajjava         (honesty/straightness)
(ṛ> ar, rj>jj, u >o>ava). By Pāḷi way, uju + a >ajjav + a > ajjava (u > a, j > jj, final vowel u > o > av), ujuno bhāvo ajjavaṃ (uju= straight,honest, ajjavaṃ = honesty,straightness)

ṛṣabha> arṣabha > āsabha (ar > ā, ṣ > s)

usabhassa bhāvo āsabhaṃ (the state of bull, bull-like, strong and eminent   qualities like compassion, perseverance, long-lasting effort)

 √smṛ  + a + ti       > sumarati    (remember)
 ( ṛ > ar , insertion of u, just like padma> paduma)
                               > sarati          (ṛ > ar ,sm > ss)

Anu+√smṛ +a+ti> anussarati  (remember) (ṛ > ar ,sm > ss)

anu + √smṛ + ti  > anussati                         (sm > ss, ṛ changes to a)

         

b) ṛ to a

pṛṣata > pasata/pasada             (spotted)
(ṛ changes to a, ṣ > s , sometimes t changes to d)

vṛkṣa > vakkha (ṛ>a, kṣ > kkh)  (tree)

             / rukkha
ṛkṣa   > acca /accha                       (bear)            (kṣ > kkh > cch > cc)

note:  kkh can be changed to cch by these examples:
              akkhi > acchi (eye), or sakkhi-karoti > sacchi-karoti

ṛkṣa               > ikka                                 (bear)             (ṛ > i, kṣ >  kk)

kṛṣna            >kaṇha                               (black)

mṛga              > maga                              (deer)
sakṛd + āgāmī > sakadāgāmī                 (once –returner)

c) ṛ to i

pisodara ( pisada + udara   (the dear which has the spotted womb), when 2 words are combined, letters (da of pisada) are dropped)

pṛṣata            > pisada/pisata                 (spotted)
(ṛ changes to i, ṣ > s, sometimes d changes to t)
ṛṣi                   > isi                                  (recluse, hermit/seer)

√kṛ + ta         > kita                                (primary derivative)

In Pāḷi, the formation of the word “kita” is explained as
√kir + ta > kita (r is dropped) (primary derivative)

√kir – to remove

 kṛṣna           > kiṇha                              (black)   (ṛ> i, ṣ > h, hṇ > ṇh)

mātṛ             > māti  (mātito ca pitito ca ,from mother and father)
mṛga            > miga                                (deer)     (ṛ > i)

mṛga + √yā  > mṛgayā > migavā          (to go for deer, to go for hunting)
(√ya -  to go)   y changes to v, just like āyudha > āvudha

skt: mṛgayā (wild animal) > magava  (ṛ > a, y > v)

Note : this explains how maga can changes to magava (deer hunter)

magava + ika > māgavika ( this is taddhita (second derivative))

ṛṇa                > iṇa                                  (debt)       (ṛ > i)

na + ṛṇa >an + aṇa>  anaṇa or aṇaṇa  (na > an, ṛ > a)

aṇana + ya > āṇaṇya (the last vowel ‘a’ for aṇana is dropped)

 na + ṛṇa + ya >an + aṇa + ya > āṇaṇya (debtlessness, state of debtless)
It is bhava taddhita.

d) ṛ to e
√bṛh > baha (noun, increase) , √bah (to grow)

Bṛhat + phala > vehapphala  (one of the heavenly plane)
(b> v, ṛ > e  ,t + ph become pph)

Pāḷi: bahat + phala > vehapphala  (b>v, a > e, t + ph become pph)

Bahat is like gacchat/gacchant

(note: ‘a’ can be changed to ‘e’, just like itra/atra> ettha)

Note : √bṛh > brah  (brahma , the great one)

e) ṛ to u

prāvṛsa > ppā-vusa >pāvusa            (raining season)
(first p is removed because there is no double consonant at the beginning of word for Pāḷi)  , vṛsa> varsa > vassa (vassati  rains)

kud + √kṛ + tya      > kukkucca (dk> kk , ṛ > u , ty > cc)

for Pāḷi, suffix is :√kar + (r)icca, both r are deleted).               

Kukutassa bhāvo kukkuccaṃ (the state of bad deed = wicked deed) 

Nirvṛta  > nir + vṛta> nibbuta (rv > vv> bb , ṛ> u)  (extinguished)

 

ṛtu                          > utu                    (season)

ṛṣabha                    > usabha             (bull)            (ṛ> r, ṣ > s)

mātṛ                       > mātu                 (mother)       (ṛ > u)

prāvṛta>ppā- vuta> pāvuta (pr> pp> p, ṛ > u)

prā +√vṛ + ana        > pārupaṇa         (clock/garment)
prāvaraṇa>ppāvuraṇa>pāpuraṇa>pārupaṇa
(due to ‘v’, ‘a’ becomes ‘u’, ‘v’> ‘p’, interchange position between ‘r’ and ‘p’)
2) ś ṣ s > h

asmi                     > amhi           (we are)

asmā                    > amhā          (we are)

praśna                 > pañha         (question)
(pp > p, ś > h, n > ñ , ñ and h are interchangeable)                           

kṛṣṇa                   > kaṇha         (black)        (ṛ > a, ṣ > h, then hṇ > ṇh)
kṛṣņa                   > kiṇha          (black)        (ṛ > i)

essati                   > ehati / ehiti (will come) 
(ss > h),  eti (ā + √i  + ti ) to come

√hū +ssati            > hessati  >  hehiti (‘ss’ changes to ‘h’, a > i)

√kar + ssati          > kāhati         (will do/make)  (ar > ā, ss > h)

3) h, ṛ, r, ṣ,    +   n  (dental )  > ṇ (lingual)

√kṛ > kar  + ana   >  karaṇa (doing, making, production)

√gah + nā + ti       > gaṇhāti (takes, holds, seize)

       hn> nh> ṇh  (because of ‘h’, ‘n’ changes to ‘ṇ’)

      ( *according to kaccayana √gah +ṇhā + ti,    ‘h’ of gah is elided) 

kṛtsna                    > kasiṇa                     (all, complete, whole)
(ṛ changes to a, i is inserted,t is deleted)

kṣaṇa > >kkhaṇa   > khaṇa   (moment) (kṣ> kkh  > kh)

kṣaṇa    > cchaṇa   > chaṇa   (festival) (kṣ > kkh> cch > ch)   

( * ussava = feast, festival, ceremony)

√tṛ    > tar + ana   > taraṇa    (going across, passing over)

√mṛ > mar + ana  >  maraṇa (death)

√dhṛ> dhar + ana > dharaṇa (carrying, bearing, learnt by heart).

pokkharī + nī        >  pokkharaṇī   (lotus pond)

pokkharaṃ assa atthīti       pokkharī (pokkhara + ī) [assatthi taddhita]

pokkharī + nī        >  pokkharaṇī
(final vowel ‘ī’ is changed to ‘a’, ‘n’ changes to ‘ṇ’)

   Note: like gharī + nī > gharanī   (mistress of the house),is changed as above

Pokkharaṇa + yā (vibhatti)  > pokkharaññā  (ṇy >ññ)   [dative,locative/genitive for pokkharaṇa]

4) ḥ  >  r  ś  ṣ  s

   ḥ > ṃ , (is elided) , ( is assimilated)

duḥkha > (ḥkh > kkh) > dukkha (suffering) (ḥ is assimilated)

√as + yuḥ                     >  siyuṃ
( ‘a’ is elided, insertion of ‘I’ , ‘ḥ’ changes to ‘ṃ’)

note: yuḥ is similar to eyya (optative, sattami) of Pāļi)

√as + yuḥ                    > assu  ( sy > ss , ḥ is elided).

Note : In Pāļi, √as + eyyuṃ > siyuṃ 
 (a is elided, eyyuṃ changes to iyuṃ) (they would be/should be)

 √as + eyya >siyā ( a is elided, eyya changes to iyā)  (third and second person, singular)

√dā + yuḥ > dad + yuḥ > dajjuṃ  (should be given, [third person , plural])

(dy > jj, ‘ḥ’ becomes ‘ṃ’ )(dādā is abbhāsa, reduplication of root of √dā)
 Note : api + √dhā > dhādhā > pi + dah + a + ti pidahati (first dhā changes to d, second dhā changes to h)

harṣa                             >  haṃsa            (raising of hair) 
(r>ḥ, ḥ >ṃ,ṣ>s) e.g. lomahaṃsa

harṣa                             > hassa               (laugh, joke, jest)
 (rṣ is assimilated)  or  it’s is past participle (haṭṭha)

√kṛṣ ->  √karṣ+ a + ti > karṣati > kaṃsati  (drag)
(‘r’ changes to ‘ḥ’, then ‘ḥ’ changes to ‘ṃ’, ‘ṣ’ changes to ‘s’)    
>Karṣati > kassati (‘rṣ’ changes to ‘ss’)

√kṛṣ > kasati  (‘ṛ’ changes to ‘a’)

So, there are 3 forms for root kṝs: kaṃsati, kassati, kasati

śleṣman >sseḥma       > semha                 (catarrh/phlegm)
 (śl > ss,      ṣ > ḥ (h with dot), ḥ >h , the first consonant ‘s’ of ‘ss’ is dropped. n is dropped)

                                     

                                                               26/7/2013
The law of morae

The law of morae is sound system/syllable

One mora is short vowel, can be called  lahu (light)

Two morae are long vowel, or short vowel with niggahita( nasal) –aṃ,iṃ,uṃ. Two morae can be called garu (heavy)

In pāḷi, there are ekamatta/dvimatta/aḍḍhamatta. Ekamatta duration is a blink of eye or a snap of finger.Dvimatta is twice of ekamatta duration. 

Ekamatta refers to short vowel, dvimatta refers to long vowel. Aḍḍhamatta means half matta, e.g. consonants only like ‘k’, ‘kh’.

Skt:matra  or Pāḷi :matta

Ekamatta is the same as one mora, lahu. Dvimatta is same as two morae, garu.

The sound system that are lahu and garu are important in composing verses or poetry. They define the length of one lines or two lines, like one lahu of 2 groups, or 2 garus of one groups. Like sound system in the sabbapāpassa akāranaṃ

Because the sound system, changes happen between Pāḷi and sanskrit, so Sanskrit is different from Pāli vice versa. The sound system can explain the changes.

As result of law of mora, Pāḷi has these types,

1.Short vowel + double consonants

2.Long vowel + single consonant  

Skt : jīrṇa  > jī + rṇa  (‘ī’  is long vowel, while ‘rṇa’ is double consonant)

To change to

Pāḷi: jiṇṇa   (‘ī’ changes to ‘i’, ‘rṇa’ becomes ‘ṇṇa’)  (Type 1)

        to speak smoothly, ‘r’ is assimilated to ‘ṇ’.
This is called vācāsiliṭṭha in Pāḷi. The reason ‘ī’ is changed to ‘i’ because long vowel cannot happen with double consonants

Skt:māṃsa – mā + ṃsa   (long vowel, double consonants)

where ‘ṃ’ (niggahita) is similar to 2 moments or duration of 2 consonants

 > ‘ā’ (long vowel) is changed to ‘a’ (short vowel)
Pāḷi: maṃsa                   (short vowel, double consonants) ( Type 1)

Skt: nadīṃ (where ‘ṃ’ duration is same as duration of double consonant.

So it needs to change to type 1 to become

Pāḷi:nadiṃ

Even though ‘e’ in semha is long vowel, it should be recite as short vowel like simha , like ettha should be recite as ittha.

Oṣṭha > oṭṭha    (lip)
(ṣṭh is assimilated to ṭṭh).‘o’ should be pronounced like ‘u’ sound, because it is followed by double consonant.

Skt  : lākṣā         (lac)
 (kṣ > kkh) >lākkhā, then first ‘k’ is dropped(kkh>kh) )
                   > lākhā

lākkhā > lakkhā (keep the ‘kkh’, but ‘ā’ is changed to ‘a’)
     so it can be type 1 [short vowel (‘a’) and double consonants (‘kkh’) ]
note:lakkhā does not exist in tipiṭaka, but lakkha exist.
lākkhā > lākhā (kkh becomes kh)
      so it can be type 2 [long vowel (‘ā’) and single consonant (‘kh’)]

Skt: Dīrgha  (long vowel, double consonants) is changed to
Pāli: dīgha (type 2 : long vowel, single consonant) ‘r’ is dropped

   Or diggha  (type 1: short vowel, double consonants)
     where long vowel (‘ī’) becomes short vowel (‘i’) and rg > ggh

upekṣā         > upekkhā     (equanimity) ( kṣ > kkh)
note: the pronunciation should be upikkhā (short vowel ‘i’ due to influence of double consonants).

vimokṣa       > vimokkha (liberation /deliverance)

note: the pronunciation should be vimukkha (short vowel ‘u’ due to influence of double consonants -kkh).

dātra           > dātta           (sickle)            (tr> tt)
note: the pronunciation should be ‘datta’ (short vowel ‘a’ due to influence of double consonants-tt).

dārvī           > dābbī          (plant’s name)  (rv>vv>bb)

sarsṛpa       > sāsapa      (mustard)  (ar>ā, ṛ>a)
valka          > vāka          (bark)
by law of compensation, after removing ‘i’,  ‘a’ is upgraded to ‘ā’
niryāti         > nīyāti       (to liberate, to get out)
 (compensation: ‘r’ is elided, ‘i’ changes to ‘ī’)   or  
niryāti          > niyyāti
 (‘r’ and ‘y’ is assimilated, ry > yy ) Pāḷi: nir + √yā + ti, √yā = to go

ābṛhati         > abbahati
       ābahati (  ‘ā’-long vowel ,’b’-single consonant  ) is same as
        (  short vowel (‘a’),  double consonants(‘bb’)   )-> abbahati

Pāḷi: abbahati (ā + √bah + a + ti)  ( to draw out)

Durkāta       > Dukkata  (badly done/wrong action)
Nīda > nidda > niḍḍa       (nest)
(‘ī’  is long vowel, ‘d’ is single consonant)  is same as short vowel (‘i’) + double consonants (‘dd’) 

Udūkhala > udukkhala (mortar/pestle)
In the same way,
long vowel + single consonant  becomes short vowel+ double consonants
mahāphala >  mahapphala (great fruit/great result)
mahābala   >  mahabbala    (great power/great strength)
ubhenaṃ    >  ubhinnaṃ     (of both,[dative/genitive , just like purisānaṃ])

dvīnaṃ       >  dvinnaṃ        (of two)

Pāḷi: pasibbaka (bag) –because it is sewn, so it is called pasibbaka

        (pa + √siv  + aka )
√siv + ya + ti > sibbati (to sew) ( vy > vv> bb)
Note: the root ‘siv’ belong to divādi group)

skt: prasevaka

sevaka  (servant) , pasevaka (something which give you service)

pāḷi:sevati   √sev + a + ti , √sev belongs to bhuvādi group ,             
root ‘sev’ means to serve, to attend, to associate
 

Prasevaka > pasevaka > pasibbaka

(Sanskrit pra is same as Pāḷi pa)
long vowel(‘e’) +  single consonant(‘v’)  becomes
short vowel(‘i’) +  double consonants (‘vv’) , then ‘vv’ becomes ‘bb’
            

5)ar, al, ul > aṃ, uṃ 
where ar, al changes to aṃ;            ul changes to uṃ

Sulka               > suṃka     (tax)
gharṣati           > ghaṃsati  (to rub)

śarvarī             > saṃvarī   (night)

vidarśayati      > vidaṃseti  (ar > aṃ , ś > s, aya > e) ( to show)

  Pāḷi vi + √dis + e + ti ( ‘e’ is causative suffix) (to make someone to see)

√dṛś   > darś + ana > dassana  (rś > ss) (seeing)

 Note: ‘ṛ’ changes to its guna form ‘ar’          

√dṛś> dis   (ṛ > i,   ś > s)

√dis + a + ti  > passati    (see)

Rule: Contractions: ai > i,   ava > o > u,   au > u           02/08/2013

aiśvarya         > issariya(dominance, supremacy)   (ai>i, śv > ss)
kopya            > kuppa  (shakeable)  (o > u, py > pp),
for example:akuppā me cetovimutti (my mind liberation cannot be destroyed)
gonaṃ           > gunnaṃ 
autsukya       > ussukka (zeal, earnestness) (au > u, ts > ss, ky > kk)

kṣaudra         > khudda   (honey)
(kṣ >kkh >kh (where first letter k is dropped,  au > u, dr > dd) 

bhadra          > bhadda  (good, pleasant, auspicious)

indra             > inda        (lord, king of devas)

raudr             > rudda  (fierce, cruel, horrible) (au > u, dr > dd)
                          ludda
aśrauṣma > assumha/assumhā (we heard)
(śr > ss, au > u, ṣ > h , then hm >mh), aorist/past tense, first person, plural of suṇāti

avaṣyāya        > ussāva (ava > o > u, ṣy > ss , y > v)  (dew)                    

long vowel + single consonant changes to short vowel + double consonants
bhūmi           > bhummi  (earth)
kātuṃ           > kattuṃ    (to do)

kātabba        > kattabba (should be done/ought to be done)

(Short vowel + niggahīta)  and long vowel are two morae.
siṁha            > sīha           (lion)
viṁśati          > vīsati        (twenty)
jigiṁsati        > jigīsati     (to desire)
bhiṁsanaka  > bhīsanaka (dreadful, horrible)
e.g. bhiṁsanaka-vane (in the dreadful forest)

daṁṣṭrā         > dāṭhā (canine tooth) (aṁ > ā, ṣtr > ṭṭh > ṭh)                     

where short vowel (‘a’) and niggahita equals to long vowel (‘ā’)

first letter ‘ṭ’ of ‘ṭṭh’ is dropped due to the long vowel ‘ā’
where vara-dāṭhā dhātu means sacred tooth relic

vismaya         > vimhaya (wonderful, astonishment, surprise ) (s> h, hm > mh)

snuṣā > sunṣā> suṇhā      (Daughter-in-law) (ṣ > h, nh > ṇh)
                      or suṇisā

jyotsnā          >  juṇhā      (moonlit night, full moon day) 
jyotsnā > dyot – snā > jju - ṇhā 

dyot > jju – t    (dy > jj, o > u, t is dropped )                                          
 snā > hnā > ṇhā    (s > h, hn > ṇh)

  note :
     *‘J’ is derived from ‘d’
     *Double consonant ‘jj’ at the beginning of word is not accepted in Pāḷi,
       so ‘jj’ becomes ‘j’.  
      *In triple consonants (‘tsn’), the first consonant (‘t’) is dropped.
root √jut  means to shine, to be bright

jyotsnā > jyo-t-snā > dosinā (moonlit night)
e.g. dosinā-ratti (night with moonlight)(j >d, ‘y’ is dropped, ‘t’ is dropped, insertion of ‘i’ between ‘s’ and ‘n’)

                       

Note : dosa + ita (apagata) free from fault/defects like clouds   
          dosehi itā apagatā dosinā

u + √jyut > ujjota    (light , lustre)

pa+√jyut > pajjota ( light, lustre, splendour, a lamp)

uṣna    > uṇha   (heat)            ( ṣ > h, hn> ṇh)

yuṣme > tumhe (you)             (y > t, ṣ > h, hm> mh)

raśmi  > ramsi  (ray, rein)     (ś > m, sm > ms)
           or raṁsi  

                                                                                                 06.08.2013

                                                                                  [Part 2>]